Secondary victimization is a concept that is close to the indirect victim on the one hand and what is happening in the secondary victimology, and on the other hand, it is the victim of a judicial proceeding. Local community participation as a new approach to the School of Restorative Justice is trying to explain the preventive social strategy for secondary victimization by means of collaborative crime policies. Civic participation in the prevention of secondary victimization will help to repair the victim and change the situation of the victim and the offender. Participation in civil society and collaborative criminal justice has many examples. Fundamentally, in preventing secondary crime, it is expected that all community institutions will work together and provide support, economic, medical, emotional, educational, educational, and so on. But the concept of civil society participation is considered to be part of a cooperative criminal policy, and most of all it means that the meaning of civil society is people and they will be more effective in preventing secondary victimization. This research explains the role of civic participation status in preventing secondary victimization, and the role, nature, and evaluation of the status of civil participation.

Civil participation ethnic groups plays a significant role in demolishing social classifications. In this regard, in the present research, an attempt has been made to study the civil participation of Bakhtiari women according to the opinions of experts. Women's civil participation provides broad growth grounds in the development process and they solve the problems and problems of societies in economic and social fields through cooperation and shared efforts. Despite the development and expansion of various aspects of social fields, civil participation among Bakhtiari women still does not have a worthy position. In this research, using the method of thematic analysis, the platforms for the reorganization of the civil participation of Bakhtiari women were identified. The research is based on the purpose of the applied type and in terms of the nature of the data, it is of the qualitative type and the statistical sample is 12 Bakhtiari women who have expertise and experience in this field. Information was collected based on semi-structured interviews and the study of sources and documents. The findings show that among 76 open codes, 29 basic concepts were identified, which can be divided into 7 categories of organizing themes. The results of the analysis indicate that in rearranging and renewing the factors affecting the civil participation of Bakhtiari women, attention should be paid to their empowerment and attention to justice and equality in the social structure and the need to achieve the goals of policies and structures. It developed a field of social participation for women.

In recent decades, citizenship rights have become one of the most complex political and social issues and have attracted the attention of many thinkers and politicians. Satisfaction with citizenship rights makes citizens' participation in urban affairs more stable, continuous, and responsible. Knowing the facilities available in the city for the well-being of citizens, acquaintance with know the duties, goals, and missions of the municipality, as well as getting to know the duties of each of the sub-groups of this institution helps the citizens in better exploitation of the opportunities and situations of well-being and progress. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the satisfaction of citizenship rights with civic participation and the environmental participation of citizens to improve the quality of life of the citizens of Najaf Abad. The statistical population of this research is made up of citizens living in the city of Najaf Abad located in Isfahan province. The sample size was estimated to be 650 people using Cochran's formula. The results show that citizens' satisfaction has a very strong and positive relationship with the performance of the municipality and their participation in civil and social fields with a coefficient of 0.935, and the relationship between citizens' satisfaction and environmental participation is also strong and significant with a coefficient of 0.784.

The present research is aimed at designing a citizen journalism pattern for developing civil participation in Iran on the basis of grounded theory paradigm. The data used in this research has been gathered and selected by interviewing 25 experts in the field of social communications science through a semi-standard interview using the theoretical sampling method. Furthermore, in order to analyze extracted the data, theoretical coding process has been used for enumerating concepts (basic categories), Subcategories and main categories in accordance with Strauss and Corbin's model (1998). The research findings showed that designing a citizen journalism pattern for developing civil participation in Iran has been theoretically saturated from 14 main categories, 41 subcategories and 509 concepts based on the factors of Strauss and Corbin’ s approach to grounded theory’ s paradigm (1998). The analytical pattern of citizen journalism has been constructed for the purpose of developing civil participation in Iran. Furthermore, in order to verify the research categories as well as the constructed pattern, two methods have been used: (A) assessment based on the communicative method, and (B) formation of a focal group. Moreover, in terms of reliability assessment, repeatability was tested using correlation coefficient between two coders and generalizability was tested using theoretical regular comprehensive sampling.

Civil participation is considered as an index of development in today’s modern societies. Iranian women’s low civil participation is one of the fundamental problems of the Iranian society, since they compose half of population. The study of this issue could therefore lead us to the roots and causes hindering their participation; since without a proper knowledge about the obstacles and planning in order to solve them, institutionalized social management and increase of citizen’s participation will not be possible. The main theme of this paper is thus a sociological study of the impact of parent's autocratic personality on women’s civil participation. In the section on the descriptions and analysis of the data, the status of the autocracy of parents and the inputs resulted from the procedure of women’s socialization, values and perspectives, as well as the rate of women’s readiness for socializing, have been explained. Apart from the explanation of the two mentioned variants, the interrelationship between these two have been also studied. The female students at Tehran University, in non- medical fields, between the years 2006-2007, compose our sample population. The research toll is based on questionnaire.

A universally coveted feature of urban development, the participation of civil society has been successfully experienced by some countries while for some other countries it still has to be established. This can be attributed to the history and evolution of the urbanization in each country.The definition and interpretation of public and private domains in the Iranian city versus the European settlements has made it impossible to promote or imitate the European model of civil participation in the Iranian city. The article tries to search for the roots of this discrepancy by a comparative historical analysis of urbanization, while addressing traditional differences which are instrumental in forming impediments in civil participation in Iran.

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of social factors on Maragheh citizen's participation in civil affairs. The populations of the study are 383 people of above 18 years old in Maragheh and were selected by multistage cluster sampling. The research method is survey and questionnaire and interview are the instruments. The data were analyzed using R Pearson, R spear-man, T test and AN OVA. The results show that there is a meaningful relationship between dependent variables (of civic consciousness, social coherence, social security, propensity to progress, age, gender, income and occupation) and social participation. Also, the propensity to progress is the most effective factor in social participation. It means that more propensities to progress causes to more participation of the citizens.

Civil society, as one of the main pillars of democracy, plays a fundamental role in expanding political participation and creating transparency in rentier states.  In rentier states, the state's dependence on natural resources such as oil and gas reduces the need for public accountability and public participation, which leads to the concentration of power, the spread of corruption, and a decrease in transparency.  However, civil society can strengthen political participation and democratic processes by strengthening political awareness, supporting citizen rights, monitoring government performance, and creating a space for dialogue.  This study examines the challenges of civil society in rentier states, including legal restrictions, repression of civil activists, lack of independent institutions, and economic dependence of the people on the government, and also considers the opportunities available to strengthen the role of civil society.  This study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to answer the fundamental question of what role does civil society play in political participation and democracy in rentier states? This research emphasizes that rentier governments, by earning income from natural resources and gifts, imagine themselves as not needing citizen participation in various areas of governance, including politics, economics, culture, etc. ; and they take steps to reduce accountability to citizens and lack a sense of need for their participation, which ultimately leads to citizens distancing themselves from participating in determining their own destiny, weakening democracy, and the rise of governments with totalitarian government structures that pay little attention to the relationship between citizens and the government, creating serious challenges in society.

This article deals with an important topic in the law of civil responsibility; i.e. the participation of force majeure with the defendant's fault in the arising of damages. It falls under the general heading of the plurality of causes in arising of damages. In such cases, the important question is the nature of the responsibility of each cause. In answering the question, two theories are set forth: integral responsibility and partial responsibility. According to the first, each cause is bound to compensate the damages in full. According to the second, each of them must only compensate part of the damages. The authors are of the view that the theory of partial causality fits Iranian legal principles.